الجملة الخَبَرِيّة و الإِنشائيّة - Informative and Generative Sentences
Categorization of Arabic sentences with respect to their objective.
Sentences (جملة) in Arabic can be classified in many ways. One such way is to classify them according to their objective (غرض). In such a classification, there are two types of sentences:
الجملة الخَبَرِيّة (informative sentence): that which is informative and can be characterized as being either true or false.
Example 1: السماء تُمطِر (The sky is giving rain)
In this case, one is getting information of the sky giving rain, but that information may be true (if it is actually raining) or false (if it is not actually raining).
Example 2: الشمسُ ليستْ حارِقةً اليوم (The sun is not burning today)
In this case, one is getting information of the sun not burning today. Additionally, it could be that sun is not burning today or, in fact, that it is burning today—a false report is possible.
Other examples:
أنا مريض (I am sick)
خسرتُ كل أموالي (I lost all my wealth)
أنا لا أقوي على الوقوف (I am not able to stand)
الجملة الإِنشائيّة (generative sentence): that which is not informative and cannot be characterized as being either true or false. These sentences can either be requesting (الطلبية) or not requesting (غير الطلبية) something from the listener.
Requesting is most commonly in the form of a calling (نداء), questioning (استفهام), command (أمر), or prohibition (نهي)
Not requesting is most commonly in the form of amazement (تعجب) or censure (لوم)
Example 1: اسمع هذه الجملة (Listen to this sentence)
In this case, the sentence is requesting (طلبية) you to listen (امر). One cannot characterize the sentence as being true or false.
Example 2: هل السماء تُمطِر (Is the sky giving rain?)
In this case, the sentence is requesting (طلبية) you to answer the question (استفهام). Additionally, one cannot affirm or reject such a sentence.
Example 3: ما أبعد المدينة (How far is the city!)
In this case, this sentence is not requesting (غير الطلبية) anything from the listener. At the same time, it is a sentence of amazement (تعجب) and so it is considered الجملة الإِنشائيّة.
Example 4: أنت لا ترد يا خالد (You did not come oh Khālid!)
In this case, this sentence is not requesting (غير الطلبية) anything from the listener. At the same time, it is a sentence of censure (لوم) and so it is considered الجملة الإِنشائيّة.
Other examples:
لا تأكل قبل النوم (Do not eat before sleeping!)
يا خالد خذ القلم (Oh Khālid, take the pen!)
سبحان الله (How prefect is Allah)
And Allāh knows best.
Source: https://www.almazeyd.com/أنواع-الجملة-حسب-أغراضها.html