التأكيد - Emphasis
التأكيد is one of the five categories of توابع, those words that follow the اعراب of a proceeding word (متبوع).
This post will explain one of the five categories of توابع words, التأكيد . Whereas the تابع in this situation is called the التأكيد, the متبوع is called the المُؤَكَّد.
Definition of التأكيد
تابع يدل على تقرير المتبوع في ما نُسِب إليه أو على شُمول الحكم لكلّ فَردٍ من أفراد المتبوع
It is such a tāb’i that emphasizes what has been attributed to the matbū’, or it emphasizes that the ruling is to be applied to every part of the matbū’.
Types of التأكيد
التأكيد are of two types:
التأكيد اللفظي (literal emphasis)
التأكيد المعنويّ (semantic emphasis)
Type 1: التأكيد اللفظي (literal emphasis)
This is emphasis that is accomplished by mere repetition of the part of the sentence that is to be emphasized.
For example:
جاءني زيدٌ زيدٌ (Zaid, Zaid came to me)
The fact that Zaid came to me is emphasized
جاء جاء زيدٌ (Zaid came to me, he came to me)
The fact that Zaid came is emphasized
Type 2: التأكيد المعنويّ (semantic emphasis)
This is emphasis that is accomplished by the placement of a word from a selected group of words used for this purpose.
These words include the following:
نفس and عين
These words can be used to emphasize any word. The rules that govern there use are as follows:
Both words will correlate in number to the مُؤَكَّد. Hence, their
singular form will be عين and نفس
dual form can either be عيني/عينا and نفسي/نفسا OR أعين and أنفس
plural form will be أعين and أنفس
Both require a ضمير after them that will correlate in number and gender to the مُؤَكَّد
Examples:
جاءني زيدٌ نفسُهُ (Zaid came to me by himself)
Notice how the تأكيد, which is نفسه, correlates in singularity to the مأكد, which is Zaid, and the ضمير also correlates in singularity and masculinity to the مُؤَكَّد
جاءتني الهندان أعينُهما\عيناهم (The two Hinds came to me themselves)
Notice how the تأكيد, which is أنفسُهما or نفساهما (both are valid), correlate in duality to the مأكد, which is the two Hinds, and the ضمير also correlates in duality and femininity to the مأكد
كِلا and كِلْتا
Both are used to emphasize only dual-form words. The rules that govern there use are as follows:
كلا is used for masculine مُؤَكَّد, whereas كلتا is used for those that are feminine
Both must be preceded by هما. This ضمير correlates to the مُؤَكَّد since it is dual, which the مُؤَكَّد will always be, and is applicable to both genders.
Examples:
جلس الرجلان كِلاهما (The two men sat, both of them)
Since men is masculine, كلا will be used. Of course, هما will be put after.
جلست المرأتان كلتاهما (The two women sat, both of them)
Since women is feminine, كلتا will be used. Of course, هما will be put after.
ّكل
This word can be used to emphasize either a singular or plural word (مُؤَكَّد). The rules that govern its use are as follows:
It requires a ضمير after it that will correlate in number and gender to the مُؤَكَّد.
It can be used for words (مُؤَكَّد) that is composed of parts or individuals (أفراد). This is why the second part of the definition of تأكيد is relevant.
Examples:
جاءني القومُ كلُّهم (The people came to me, all of them)
In this case, هم matches the plural and masculine nature of القوم, and القوم has many different parts.
اشتريتُ البيتَ كلَّه (I purchased the home, every part of it)
In this case, ه matches the singular and masculine nature of البيتَ, and البيتَ has many different parts, each of which can be purchased by itself.
أجمع
This word can be used to emphasize either a singular or plural word (مُؤَكَّد). The rules that govern its use are as follows:
The word will change according to number and gender
It’s singular form is ُأَجْمَع (masculine) or جُمْعى (feminine)
It’s plural form is أجمعون (masculine) or جُمَعُ (feminine)
Similar to كلّ, this word can only be used to emphasize a word that can be divided into parts.
Examples:
جاءني القومُ أجمعون (The people came to me, all of them)
The تأكيد, which is أجمعون, matches the مُؤَكَّد in plurality and masculinity. Additionally, القومُ has many parts.
اشتريتُ البقرةَ جُمْعى (I purchased the cow, every part of it)
The تأكيد, which is جُمْعى, matches the مُؤَكَّد in singularity and femininity. In addition, although not customarily done anymore, البقرةَ has many parts and it is technically possible to buy an individual part. Hence, جُمْعى serves to emphasize that every part of the cow is purchased.
أبصع, أبتع, أكتع
These words have the same rules as that of أجمع. The only difference is that they must appear in conjunction with أجمع, coming after it. A recap of those rules is below:
These word will change according to number and gender. There patterns are all the same. We will use أكتع as an example:
Their singular form is ُأكتع (masculine) or كُتْعى (feminine)
It’s plural form is أكتعون (masculine) or ُكُتَع (feminine)
Similar to كلّ, this word can only be used to emphasize a word that can be divided into parts.
Examples:
جاءني القومُ أجمعون أكتون (The people came to me, all of them)
اشتريتُ البقرةَ كُتْعى (I purchased the cow, every part of it)
Example of Sentence Structure (تركيب)
جاءني زيدٌ نفسُهُ
Zaid came to him by himself.
And Allāh knows best.
Source: Hidāyat al-Nahw m’a As’ilatin wa Ajwabatin bil Lughatil Angalaziyyah